Volcano watching: The recent activity reminds us of preserving our awareness of the volcano

Although no volcanic eruption occurred in Hawaii in 2020, the year was not calm – the swarms of earthquakes, the elevated alert level at Mauna Loa, and the growing water lake in Kilauea are all reminders of the need for the islanders to be aware of Hawaiian activity. Volcanoes.

In January 2021, the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) will lead its 12th annual Volcano Awareness Month in Hawaii, where residents will have the opportunity to learn more about Hawaii’s volcanoes. Unlike previous years that have featured in-person performances and field trips by HVO staff and collaborators – the Hawaii County Civil Defense Agency, University of Hawaii at Hilo, and Hawaii Volcanoes National Park – activities this year will be “virtual” due to the pandemic.

Volcano Awareness Month was established in 2010 with the Hawaii County Proclamation to encourage “knowledge and awareness of the Hawaiian volcanoes and the appropriate safety measures to be followed before, during and after a volcanic eruption.”

Although we are currently in the period following the 2018 Kilauea eruption and the 1984 Mauna Loa eruption, recent activity in both volcanoes reminds us that we are also in the lead-up to the next eruption in Hawaii.

Let’s take a look at this relatively quiet past year to review volcanic activity and why volcano awareness remains important.

Although volcanic gas emission rates have decreased, Hawaiians have noticed the smell of sulfur occasionally. Residents also reported more than 100 earthquakes they felt in 2020. Earthquake swarms near Pahala, Loihi Waterside, Namakanebayo Camp and Kilauea Peak prompted media data from HVO. Monitoring data indicated that magma is slowly being supplied to Kilauea and Mauna Loa. The water lake that appeared at the summit of Kilauea in mid-2019 continues to grow in size and depth.

Recently, between November 30 and December 2, several hundreds of earthquakes occurred within a kilometer to three miles below the Kilauea Summit and the Upper East Rift Zone. On 2 December, a transient increase in ground deformation raised about 3 inches from the caldera floor. This was around 4 months of high in just 4 hours. Observation data from the Kilauea summit area indicated that a small injection of magma entered below the surface of the volcano. Although the magma did not reach the surface, this event showed that the magma continues to refill the storage system inside the volcano. Next week, Volcano Watch will provide more information on this activity.

A 4.1-magnitude earthquake beneath the northwestern side of Mauna Loa on December 4, along with close clusters of small earthquakes, reminds us that the largest active volcano on Earth is still showing signs of turbulence. These earthquakes were located in an area where, over the past several years, a steady slight seismic (generally smaller than -2 degree) has occurred. High seismic activity is one of the reasons the Mauna Loa volcano alert level has been advised – “volcano is showing signs of elevated turbulence above known background activity” – since July 2019.

The last time an earthquake of the same magnitude and depth occurred in this area of ​​Mauna Loa, about 3 miles northwest of Mokooyu, was in November 2011, when slight seismic levels were also occurring. In 2011, other monitoring data flows remained stable and no volcanic eruption occurred. Current data streams on Mauna Loa also remain stable and do not indicate that an eruption is imminent.

These 2020 events remind us that Kilauea and Mauna Loa will erupt again and that we must be aware and prepared for the potential dangers associated with a volcano or an eruption. In January 2021, video recordings of Volcano Awareness Month programs will be posted on HVO so they can be viewed safely from home.

Every Tuesday in January, a 30-45 minute video presentation by HVO Scholars will be posted at usgs.gov/hvo. Topics include the Kilauea Fault Area Update (5 January); Kilauea Peak Lake Water Summary (12 Jan); Description of ground deformation and earthquakes in Kilauea during the past year (19 Jan); Discussing Mauna Loa’s volcanic history and current situation (26 January). HVO will also post shorter video presentations throughout the month.

Whether you are in Hawaii or anywhere else in January, you will be able to physically and safely participate in Volcano Awareness Month. The full schedule of 2021 programs will be posted on the HVO website later this month.

Please visit the HVO website for previous Volcano Watch articles, Kilauea and Mauna Loa updates, volcano photos, maps, recent earthquake information, and more. Questions emailed to [email protected].

Volcano Watch is a weekly article and activity update written by the scientists and affiliates of the US Geological Survey’s Hawaiian Volcano Observatory.

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Volcano activity updates

Kilauea volcano does not erupt. USGS Volcano Alert Level remains at NORMAL. Kilauea udates are released monthly.

Kilauea observation data for last month show variable rates of earthquakes and ground deformation, low rates of sulfur dioxide emissions, and only minor geological changes since the end of volcanic activity in September 2018. Kilauea’s December 3 data statement summarized the increase of earthquakes below the summit during the period from November 29 to December. 3. Earth distortion rates associated with earthquakes have a short journey from recent trends. Other monitoring data flows remained stable. The increase in seismic activity has diminished but continues; Earth deformation rates have stabilized; Other monitoring data streams remain stable and show no signs of increased activity. The lake of water at the bottom of Halima continues to expand and depth slowly. For the most recent information on the lake, see https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/Kilauea/k-lauea-summit-water-resources.

Mauna Loa does not erupt and remains at Volcano Alert Level. This alert level does not imply that an outbreak is imminent or that progression to an outbreak from the current level of disturbance is certain. Mauna Loa updates are released weekly.

Last week, about 165 small-scale earthquakes were recorded under the upper elevations of Mauna Loa; Most of these occurred at depths of less than 5 miles. Earthquakes on the northwestern side increased beginning on December 4, including a magnitude 4.1 earthquake and groups of small, shallow earthquakes occurring closely in time and place. Earthquake swarms occurred in this region previously in October 2018, April 2017, July 2016, and August 2015 and earlier, and do not indicate that an eruption is imminent. GPS measurements show the summit’s slowly increasing magnification over the long term, consistent with the magma supply of the volcano’s shallow storage system. The gas concentrations and fumarole temperatures as measured at both the sulfur cone and the summit remain stable. Web cameras do not show any changes to the landscape. For more information on the current monitoring of Mauna Loa volcano, see: https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mauna-loa/monitoring.

There were 8 events with 3 or more hairy reports in the Hawaiian Islands over the past week: M3.2 earthquake 6 miles southwest of a volcano at a depth of 17 miles on Dec 8 at 8:55 AM HST, M3.2 earthquake 13 miles away E of Honaunau-Napoopoo at a depth of -1 mile on Dec 7 at 2 p.m. HST, M1.9 earthquake 3 miles northwest of Kokoyehili at a depth of 2 miles on Dec 6 at 3:07 p.m. HST, M2.4 quake 12 miles East of Honaunau-Napoopoo at a depth of 3 miles on December 5 at 4:23 a.m. HST, M3.3 earthquake 13 miles east of Honaunau-Napoopoo at a depth of 0 miles on December 5 at 3:26 a.m. HST, A M2. 3 earthquake at a distance of 9 A mile northeast of Pahala at a depth of 5 miles on Dec 4 at 8:25 a.m. HST, a 13-mile M4.1 earthquake from Honona, and Nabobo at a depth of 2 miles on December 4 at 7:44 a.m. GMT, a M1.5 earthquake 3 miles away South of a volcano at a depth of 1 mile on Dec. 4 at 7:43 AM GMT.

HVO continues to monitor Kilauea and Mauna Loa closely for any signs of increased activity.

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