Disturbing seismic signal in Yellowstone | Regional news

Two good earthquakes rocked the western United States in March, M5.7 in Utah and M6.5 in Idaho. Not only did these earthquakes shake the people who live in those areas, but the tools that are part of the Americas Network (NOTA) – a network of deformation monitoring stations throughout the United States and abroad that are run by UNAVCO. This includes tools in Yellowstone!

Yellowstone is an incredible place to record earthquakes – not only earthquakes that occur within the Yellowstone caldera, but also earthquakes that occur elsewhere in the world. This is because Yellowstone is very well equipped. For example, a look at the distribution of NOTA GPS stations near the March 31 earthquake Stanley, Idaho, shows that most stations are around Yellowstone! This is because observing the Yellowstone deformation – up and down – is of great importance to geologists.

While NOTA GPS stations from Alaska extend all the way across the Caribbean, there are only a handful of geophysical station wells – places where science devices are installed hundreds of feet deep into holes dug to the ground – and Yellowstone hosts one of them. There are six well drilling sites within Yellowstone National Park, and they give very accurate measurements of how the Earth is deformed, with multiple tools installed in some wells.

Seismometers in a borehole measure vibration, and although there are many other seismometers in Yellowstone and around the world, seismometers in the well are particularly sensitive because they are installed beneath the surface, isolating them from many noise sources. You may have read reports that seismic readings are unusually “quiet” due to orders to stay in a COVID-19 house; this does not mean that there are fewer earthquakes, but there is less “cultural noise” – vibrations caused by movement along the ground, Like road traffic, which sometimes hides small earthquakes. Seismometers in a wellbore such as those in Yellowstone are almost always quiet, as they are so far below the Earth’s surface. This means that earthquakes protrude and are easily detectable.

Wellhead pressure gauges, which are usually attached to under-hole seismometers, measure small changes in well shape and are incredibly sensitive. They can measure the change in well diameter 4 inches to less than the width of a helium atom! When the seismic waves pass, these sensors measure any push, pull, or shear. Similar to seismometers in a well, earthquakes are recorded loudly and clearly as seismic waves temporarily change the shape of the well in very small ways.

All this means that there are a lot of earthquakes recorded in Yellowstone, including earthquakes that occur very far away, if they are strong enough, because the seismic waves of large earthquakes travel around and across the planet! But this does not mean that these earthquakes will have any effect on Yellowstone. Wherever you read this, whether in Florida, Minnesota or the Netherlands, a seismometer or pressure gauge will record an 8-magnitude earthquake on the other side of the world, although you won’t be able to feel it. The vibration is too small. It takes really sensitive tools to record the passage of seismic waves when an earthquake is very far away. (In fact, some seismographs are so sensitive that they cannot measure earthquakes that occur near each other because the recordings are literally off the charts!)

Yellowstone measurements help us understand the Earth and improve research methods that we can apply elsewhere. Historically, well well pressure gauges have been used primarily to study slow changes in the ground, such as crash creep events that resemble normal earthquakes but occur on time scales from days to weeks instead of seconds to minutes. The use of well pressure gauges to study earthquakes is still fairly new, scientifically, and we continue to know what these tools can do. Scientists at USGS are developing ways to use stress measurements to quickly determine the magnitude of an earthquake. When we tested this new method for the Idaho earthquake on March 31, Yellowstone pressure gauges overestimated the magnitude of the earthquake. Perhaps this is because of the geology around Yellowstone. Volcanic areas tend to amplify ground motion near the surface, making the earthquake look larger than it is. As with all data and accounts, it is important to understand the factors that influence results when interpreting results.

All geophysical data for NOTA from Yellowstone are free and free, which means that it is available to the general public and researchers working worldwide. Furthermore, data is provided as soon as it is received, usually for a maximum of 24 hours. Some geophysical stations, including many GPS locations, provide their data in real time, as a steady flow of one measurement per second. This does not only apply to Yellowstone – this is true for all NOTA stations! When there is a major earthquake within the network, UNAVCO creates an event response page, which includes links to available data and shows how the tools are moving. For the recent Utah and Idaho earthquakes, plots have been published that explain how vibration was measured in Yellowstone, not because the earthquakes affected Yellowstone, but because Yellowstone was the closest place to the highly sensitive low-noise geophysics network. The next closest sets of tools are along the West Coast.

You can learn more about borehole measurements through the UNAVCO Earthquake Response Data Interpreter for the Dynamic Breed, or see what happened on March 18, the 5.7 Utah Earthquake, the March 31 earthquake with a magnitude of 6.5 in Idaho and more in the seismic data of a borehole NOTA on the UNAVCO event response page.

Yellowstone Caldera Chronicles is a weekly column written by scientists and collaborators at the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. Contribution this week from Pete Bartle, Michael Gottlieb, Dave Mansin, Glenn Mattioli and Tim Dettman of the non-profit UNAVCO consortium in Boulder, Colorado.

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