Health
Immune correlations identified in COVID-19
Recently, Hutch and scientists around the world celebrated an important milestone in the fight against COVID-19. It is the identification of antibodies as correlates of COVID-19 vaccine protection.
Protection correlations, or immunity correlations, are responses to vaccines that predict how well a vaccinated person will be protected against future infections. Each disease has its own set of unique immune correlates. Knowing these correlations for specific diseases is an important step towards creating effective vaccines.
In a recent study published in Nature Communications, a team of scientists showed evidence of three antibody markers as correlates of protection against COVID-19. Several scientists from Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center were involved in this study. Dr. Fung Yui and senior writer Dr. Peter GilbertProfessor in both the Department of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases and Public Health Sciences.
The concentration or titer of the two antibody measurements are often involved in determining the correlation of protection against vaccines (binding and neutralizing antibodies). Bound antibodies are produced at high levels. It recognizes and binds to viruses, but cannot directly protect against viral infections. The conjugated antibody alerts other components of the immune system to the presence of the virus. Neutralizing antibodies, on the other hand, effectively defend cells against viruses by preventing them from entering cells. In other words, it “neutralizes” the threat posed by the virus.
In 2021, the US government’s COVID-19 response team partnered with COVID vaccine developers to design and conduct a COVID-19 vaccine efficacy trial. A key goal of these trials was to identify correlates of protection against COVID based on both binding and neutralizing antibody titers.
Dr. Fong explained that by analyzing data from these efficacy trials, researchers had previously identified levels of antibodies induced by mRNA and adenoviral-vectored COVID vaccines as correlates of protection. bottom. (Both Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna are mRNA COVID vaccines, but Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen COVID vaccine is an adenoviral vector.)
For mRNA- and adenoviral-vectored COVID vaccines, the analysis identified three specific antibody markers as correlates of protection. Anti-spike binding IgG concentration, anti-RBD binding IgG concentration, and pseudovirus 50% neutralizing antibody titer. Spikes are proteins displayed on the surface of virus particles that viruses use to infect cells. The RBD, or receptor binding domain, is the precise fragment of the spike that attaches to human cells.
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