Low doses of a common anesthetic may improve symptoms of depression: study | health

Happiness is important to everyone, especially when you're lonely or alone. depression This is a serious problem for many people, and finding effective treatment is very important.

A study published in the journal Molecular Psychiatry found that low doses of the common anesthetic ketamine can reverse social deficits by restoring function in the anterior insular cortex.

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Ketamine is often used in low doses to treat depression, but its effects in the brain remain relatively unclear. Generally, ketamine refers to a mixture of two different forms of ketamine: (S)-ketamine and (R)-ketamine.

These two molecules are enantiomers or enantiomers. Although they have the same molecular formula, their three-dimensional shapes are mirror images of each other.

They usually exist as (S) and (R) pairs, but can also be separated into either (S)-ketamine or (R)-ketamine. Although the specific effects differ, each is beneficial in treating depression.

Also read: 5 Signs of High-Functioning Depression; How Is It Different from Clinical Depression?

When the research team decided to test the effects of (S)-ketamine and (R)-ketamine on depression-like symptoms in mice, they first needed to determine an appropriate model. Considering that depression and social impairment can be induced by long-term social life; separationthey chose a chronic (at least 6 weeks) social isolation mouse model.

The researchers then developed a method that allowed them to directly compare neuronal activation across the brains of mice treated with (S)-ketamine, (R)-ketamine, or saline (as a control) immediately after behavioral testing. I used

“In this way, we could observe the differences between (S)-ketamine and (R)-ketamine treatments in terms of neuronal activation throughout the brain without having a predefined hypothesis. We did it,” said Rei Yokoyama, lead author of the study.

“Notably, chronic social isolation reduces neuronal activation in the anterior insular cortex (an area of ​​the brain important for emotion regulation) during social contact, and (R)-ketamine decreases However, we found that (S)- was not reduced. Ketamine reversed this effect.”

The researchers also found that mice treated with (R)-ketamine were better at recognizing unfamiliar mice than unfamiliar mice in a social memory test, indicating improved social cognition. I also discovered that. Furthermore, when neuronal activity was suppressed in the anterior insular cortex, (R)-ketamine-induced improvements disappeared.

“These findings highlight the importance of the anterior insular cortex for the positive effects of (R)-ketamine on social impairment, at least in mice,” said Hitoshi Hashimoto, the study's senior author.

“Taken together, our results indicate that (R)-ketamine may be better at improving social cognition than (S)-ketamine, and that this effect is due to the activity of neurons in the anterior insular cortex. This suggests that it depends on the recovery of

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