Politics
CPI(M), CPI: Indian communists once ruled millions of people. What happened to them?
Kerala stood out, attracting international attention for its decentralized planning, high social indicators, literacy, poverty reduction and strong public health system.
But the model had underlying tensions. “Kerala continues to rely heavily on remittances from abroad, which have fluctuated, creating increasing fiscal pressures and insufficient job creation, particularly among the youth,” says Ruparelia.
Even more striking, Kerala’s communists themselves have drifted toward the economic model they once opposed.
A 2022 CPI(M) policy document encompassed private investment, public-private partnerships, private universities and globally integrated technology services.
For political scientists like Ruparelia, this development highlighted a broader reality: Indian communist parties were often “better understood as social democrats than communists.”
Rather than pursuing revolution, they operated largely as parliamentary parties focused on welfare, labor rights, and redistribution.
“India was unusual in that parties from the communist tradition were successful in democratic elections,” he says.
But, says MA Baby, general secretary of the CPI(M), state governments have always operated within strict constraints.
“They have limited financial and administrative powers. The real power lies in Delhi,” he says.
“We used state governments to show that even within the capitalist socio-economic structure, pro-people policies and alternatives are possible despite limited powers.”
But the social basis on which this model rests has gradually eroded. Organized labor has always been a minority in India’s vast informal economy. Social policies have increasingly shifted from class mobilization to direct cash transfers and identity coalitions.
When farmers’ protests erupted in 2020 against Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s farm laws, they revealed how much rural politics had changed.
The left has remained an integral part of the movement – “the voice of conscience,” as analyst Shikha Mukherjee puts it – but is no longer its leader. Regional parties and independent agricultural unions had seized this space.
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Sources 2/ https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cwy2gr1rpnqo The mention sources can contact us to remove/changing this article |
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