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How volcanic eruptions brought the Black Death to Europe •healthcare-in-europe.com
For more than a century, these powerful Italian city-states were able to establish long-distance trade routes across the Mediterranean and Black Seas and operate a highly efficient system to prevent starvation. But in the end, they unintentionally lead to even bigger catastrophes.
Martin Berry
This shift in long-distance trade routes due to climate change has helped avoid famine, but in addition to providing life-saving food, ships plague bacteriumthe deadly bacteria that eventually caused the Black Death and allowed the first and deadliest wave of the Second Plague pandemic to gain a foothold in Europe. This is the first time that it has become possible to obtain high-quality natural and historical proxy data to draw a direct line between climate, agriculture, trade and the origins of the Black Death.
The Black Death was one of the greatest disasters in human history. Between 1347 and 1353, millions of people died across Europe. In some parts of the continent, mortality rates reached nearly 60%.
Although it is recognized that this disease is the cause of plague bacteriumAlthough the Black Death originated in wild rodent populations in Central Asia and reached Europe via the Black Sea region, it is still unclear why exactly when and where it originated, why it was so deadly, and how it spread so quickly. “This is something I've wanted to understand for a long time,” said Ulf Bungen, professor of geography at the University of Cambridge. “What were the factors in the onset and spread of the Black Death? And how unusual was it? Why did it occur in this place, at this exact time in European history? This is a very interesting question, but one that no one alone can answer.”
Professor Bungen's research group uses information stored in tree rings to reconstruct past climate change, and collaborated on this research with Dr. Martin Bauch, a historian of medieval climate and epidemiology at the Leibniz Institute for the History and Culture of Eastern Europe. “We looked at the pre-Black Death era in terms of food security systems and recurrent famines, which was important to put the situation after 1345 into context,” Bauch said. “We wanted to consider climate, environmental and economic factors together to more fully understand what triggered the beginning of the second plague pandemic in Europe.”
Combining high-resolution climate data and documentary evidence with a conceptual reinterpretation of the human-climate relationship, they showed that a volcanic eruption, or series of eruptions, around 1345 was likely the first step in a chain of events that would eventually lead to the Black Death.
Researchers were able to infer this eruption from information contained in tree rings in the Spanish Pyrenees. A series of “blue tree rings” indicates unusually cold and wet summers in 1345, 1346, and 1347 across much of southern Europe. It is not unusual to have one cold year, but it is very unusual to have consecutive cold summers. Documentary evidence from the same period records unusually cloudy weather and dark lunar eclipses, which also suggest volcanic activity. The deterioration of the climate forced by this volcanic activity led to poor harvests, crop failures, and famine. However, the Italian Maritime Republics of Venice, Genoa, and Pisa were able to import grain from the Mongols of the Golden Horde around the Sea of Azov in 1347. “For more than a century, these powerful Italian city-states had established long-distance trade routes across the Mediterranean and Black Sea, and were able to operate a highly efficient system to prevent starvation,” Bauch said. “But in the end, these inadvertently lead to even bigger catastrophes.”
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