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U.S. oil shocks no longer hit like they used to, Fed study finds
The United States is still suffering from oil shocks. They just don’t feel like when America was dancing to disco and waiting in gas lines. If the Fed is right, the idea that any oil shock leads to a recession is outdated.
A new study from the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston finds that increasing domestic oil production has fundamentally changed how rising crude prices impact the U.S. economy. The result is a country that remains vulnerable to energy inflation, but is far less likely to suffer the kind of employment damage that accompanied the oil crises of the 1970s.
Researchers estimate that the current Iran war-related oil shock — a price shock of about 33% according to the Fed’s methodology — would add about 1.5 percentage points to inflation over the next year. In the 1970s, a comparable shock would have raised inflation by about 2.2 percentage points.
The biggest change appears in jobs.
According to the study, a shock of this magnitude would have reduced employment growth by around 1.8 percentage points in the 1970s. Today, this effect has largely disappeared.
The reason lies beneath the shale fields of Texas, New Mexico, North Dakota and Oklahoma.
Before the shale boom, rising oil prices essentially acted as a tax on the economy as a whole. Today, some regions are losing while others are winning. The Fed estimated that Texas could see job growth increase by about 1.7 percentage points after an oil shock, while states with little oil production, such as Massachusetts, would likely see job losses.
The study argues that these regional offsets have become large enough to cushion the national labor market.
Another finding could be even more important for policymakers. The United States now consumes less than a third of oil per unit of economic output compared to the 1970s, while becoming a net exporter of petroleum products thanks in large part to the shale revolution.
This reduced the economy’s overall dependence on oil. This has not eliminated the risk of inflation.
In fact, the Fed suggests that the employment side of the equation has weakened so much that future oil shocks may look more and more like an inflation problem rather than a recession problem.
For the Federal Reserve, this is a very different puzzle than the one policymakers faced fifty years ago.
By Julianne Geiger for Oilprice.com
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