Research errors of Humboldt-state scientists – woodcutter

Errors give clues to the history of the Earth’s crust and how it affects our future

Earthquakes are more than just shaking. The vibrations turned out to be vocal vibrations from the massive snap caused by slipping, bending and rock breaking.

Deep in the Earth’s crust, a mantle of plastic rocky curves behaves and moves under tremendous pressure. Its mass is 67% of the Earth’s mass. Its temperature ranges from 392 degrees Fahrenheit at the upper bound of the crust to 7,230 degrees Fahrenheit at the primary scarf boundary. Sometimes crusted, thin crust cracks with a thickness of 50 to 20 km.

“The earthquake is the sound waves that move through the rocks, and the elastic waves propagate through them,” said Dr. Mark Hemphill-Halley, Professor of Genetics at Humboldt State University and co-chair of the Department of Geology. “The people who saw the earth moving while seeing the surface waves of rocks bend back and forth.”

According to Hemphill-Haley, imagining a scarf’s size is a challenge both in size and as a measure of time. Some people compared the movement in the mantle to lava lamps or boiling water, a force called convection, where hot liquid bubbles flow through cooler liquid, but Hemphill-Haley said this could be misleading.

“We used to have these old models of thermal mantle, but maybe they are less than that – we’re talking about solid rock,” said Hemphill-Halley. “It is solid but also plastic. Tectonic plates, which consist of veneer and the upper cover move, can move faster than four to five centimeters a year. The transfer of the mantle is probably slower than that.”

Like the sudden one hears when a pencil is broken, sonic vibrations from the rock raking the ground around the breaking point, shaking the ground.

Giragus Derderian, a fourth-year student of geology, explained the nuances of elastic, plastic, and fragile rocks. Generally, the rocks appear solid but if sufficient strength is applied, the rock can change its shape. Derderian said that the change in the rock is called deformation.

“Plastic deformation is when the shape of structures changes due to strength and the rock remains deformed when strength dissipates,” said Derderian. “After the elastic deformation, the rock returns to its original shape when the force is removed.”

Hemphill-Halley said, the fragile deformation is when the forces are very large, the pressure exceeds the elastic limit of the rocks and ejects them, like a curved pencil away. An earthquake is when enormous rocky bodies are exposed to such force that they become brittle and break. Like the sudden one hears when a pencil is broken, sonic vibrations from the rock raking the ground around the breaking point, shaking the ground.

The Earth’s crust consists of huge plates that fit together like an incorrect puzzle with some of the boards pushing each other deeply and some of the plates moving away from each other. The strength accumulates as these plates meet and can distort each other in flexible, plastic and brittle ways.

Hemphill-Haley said the big thing that causes plate movement is the weight of the peripheral panels. In this example, the oceanic plates converged with the continental plates. Dense oceanic plates dive below the continental or less dense oceanic plate.

These close plates cause a few things to surface. The lower edge of the less dense board can crumble into massive mountain ranges like the Klamath Mountains. The ocean plate descends deep into the mantle in submerged trenches referred to as subduction zones such as off our coast – the Cascadia subduction zone. Geologists research the effects of plate tectonics here on the northern California coast in a variety of ways.

Hemphill-Haley Fellow Dr. Melanie Michalak searches in the Klamath Mountains in northern California and Oregon, and the coastline is closer to HSU. In one research effort, she and her team dug the ground and looked at the layers of rock that had been altered due to errors. They are looking for materials that can be used to estimate the age of the rocks. Some of her research is also on recent active errors.

“As a geologist, I care about all errors, old and active, and I don’t recognize,” Michelk said. “But people, from a risk perspective, are more concerned about which will cause an earthquake and harm their home.”

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