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Volcano Watch: More shaking on the south side of Kilauea Volcano. Did you feel it?
Hawaiians are used to feeling the ground beneath their feet. From gentle vibrations that sound like the wind to sudden shakes that knock dishes off the table, living on this volcanically active island means accepting that the ground beneath our feet won’t always stay still.
The last significant earthquake occurred on Saturday night, July 6, at 8:47 p.m. Hawaii time. The quake was a magnitude 4.1 on the Richter scale on the south side of Kilauea at a depth of about 7 km (4.4 mi) below sea level. The event triggered a number of aftershocks, including three M2 aftershocks that occurred within ten minutes of the M4.1 sea level quake.
Earthquakes that occur on the south side of Kilauea typically occur on either the Helena Fault System or a so-called “subduction” fault. The steep-slope faults on the Helena Fault System are easily visualized as they appear on the surface as steep slopes along the southeast coast of the island of Hawaii. These steep-slope faults continue through the interior of the Earth and can cause large earthquakes as rocks along the nearly vertical faults slide past each other.
The breakaway fault lies beneath the Helena Fault System. This fault runs almost horizontally down the south side of Kilauea Volcano at the interface between the island and the ocean floor. This interface can produce larger events, and according to seismologists at the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, it was likely the source of Saturday's M4.1 earthquake based on depth and motion.
Slippage along a subduction zone can occur as a result of a combination of gravity and pressure changes occurring in the volcano above. In the past 50 years, three earthquakes have occurred along a subduction zone above M6 on the south side of Kilauea.
The most recent earthquake was a 6.9 magnitude earthquake that occurred on May 4, 2018. This earthquake was caused by volcanic intrusion into the East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, which led to the 2018 eruption of the lower East Rift Zone.
This collapse also caused a 6.2 magnitude earthquake in 1989. This event caused casualties, destroyed or damaged homes in the Puna area, caused landslides that blocked roads, and generated a small local tsunami.
The most devastating of the three events was in 1975, and was the largest earthquake in Hawaii since 1868. A 7.7 magnitude earthquake on the Decollement Fault beneath Kilauea caused several meters of horizontal and vertical movement along the faults in the summit and south flank areas. The earthquakes caused damage to buildings and roads, along with a tsunami that killed two local people.
In this broader context, Saturday’s 4.1 magnitude earthquake was only a minor slip along the slope of Kilauea, but the tremors felt so widely were a reminder of the region’s potential for devastating, large-scale earthquakes. More than 700 people reported feeling the latest 4.1 magnitude quake, which rippled across Hawaii to Maui and Lanai.
As residents of a very seismic island chain, the USGS's “Did You Feel It?” website is a great resource that citizens and scientists alike can use to report how we individually feel earthquakes.
While magnitude is the size of an earthquake derived from data collected by a network of seismic instruments, intensity is a measure of shaking derived from a network of people who report feeling it. Based on the felt reports, “Internet Earthquake Intensity Maps,” or CIIMS, are generated in near real time and help us understand how different types of earthquakes can affect different areas of Hawaii.
The USGS fact sheet, “Did You Feel It? Citizens Contribute to Earthquake Science,” describes the importance of seismic information models: “… As a result of work by the USGS and in collaboration with various regional seismic networks, people who experience an earthquake can go online and share information about its effects to help create a map of shaking intensity and damage… Seismic information models contribute significantly to the rapid assessment of the extent of an earthquake emergency and provide valuable data for earthquake research.”
Next time you feel an earthquake, first make sure you and your surroundings are safe. Then if you would like to support the science happening in Hawaii, please fill out your report. Thank you to everyone who reported feeling an earthquake in Hawaii; your reports help us understand the effects of earthquakes in our dynamic environment.
Volcano activity updates
Kilauea has not yet erupted. Its USGS alert level is “advisory.”
High rates of seismic activity and inflationary ground deformation continue at the Kilauea summit area, indicating that magma is re-pressuring the storage system. Over the past week, approximately 550 events (most smaller than M2) have occurred beneath the Kilauea summit area and extend southeastward into the upper East Rift Zone. Unrest may continue to wax and wane with changes in magma input; changes can occur rapidly, as can eruptions. The most recent measured summit sulfur dioxide emissions rate was approximately 60 tons per day on July 9, 2024.
Mauna Loa has not erupted yet, and the USGS volcanic alert level is at normal.
Four earthquakes were reported felt in the Hawaiian Islands over the past week: a 3.4 magnitude earthquake 0 km (0 mi) west of Pahala at a depth of 32 km (20 mi) on July 8 at 12:39 p.m. Hawaiian Standard Time, a 1.9 magnitude earthquake 7 km (4 mi) southwest of the volcano at a depth of 1 km (1 mi) on July 7 at 6:56 a.m. Hawaiian Standard Time, a 3.3 magnitude earthquake 14 km (8 mi) south of Fern Forest at a depth of 6 km (4 mi) on July 6 at 8:51 p.m. Hawaiian Standard Time, and a 4.1 magnitude earthquake 15 km (9 mi) south of Fern Forest at a depth of 6 km (4 mi) on July 6 at 8:47 p.m. Hawaiian Standard Time.
The Croatian Military Council continues to closely monitor Kilauea and Mauna Loa.
Please visit the HVO website for past Volcano Watch articles, Kilauea and Mauna Loa updates, volcano images, maps, recent earthquake information, and more. You can email questions to [email protected].
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