Health
Origins and impact 5 years later
Five years ago, an outbreak of people in Wuhan, China, infected a virus the world had never seen before. The germ had no name or the disease it caused. It ultimately sparked a pandemic, exposing deep inequalities in the world's health systems and reshaping public opinion about how to control a deadly emerging virus. Although humans have built up immunity through vaccination and infections, viruses still exist among us. It is less deadly than it was at the beginning of the pandemic and is no longer at the top of the list of leading causes of death. But the virus is evolving, so scientists need to track it closely. We don't know where the SARS-CoV-2 virus came from. Scientists believe the most likely scenario is that the infection spread in bats, as with many coronaviruses. Researchers believe the virus then spread to other species, likely raccoon dogs, civets and bamboo rats, and then to humans who handle or butcher those animals at a market in Wuhan. The first human infection occurred in a market in Wuhan in late November 2019. This is a known route of infection. It caused disease transmission and may have triggered the first outbreak of a similar virus known as SARS. However, this theory has not been proven for the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Wuhan is home to multiple laboratories involved in coronavirus collection and research, and there is growing debate that the virus may have leaked there. This is a scientific puzzle that is difficult to solve even under the best of circumstances. The effort has been made more difficult by political sniping over the origins of the virus and, according to international researchers, China's efforts to suppress potentially helpful evidence. The true origins of the pandemic may not be known for years, if ever. How many people have died from COVID-19? Probably more than 20 million. The World Health Organization has reported that more than 7 million people have died from the coronavirus in its member countries, but the real death toll is estimated to be at least three times higher. On average, about 900 people die each week from coronavirus in the United States. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there have been 19 deaths in the past year. The elderly continue to be the most affected by the coronavirus. Last winter, people 75 and older accounted for about half of the hospitalizations and in-hospital deaths due to COVID-19 in the United States, according to the CDC. “We cannot speak about past COVID-19 infections because they are still ongoing,” the WHO said. What vaccines are now available? Scientists and vaccine makers have broken records for the speed of developing a COVID-19 vaccine that has saved tens of millions of lives around the world. Less than a year after China identified the virus, U.S. and British health authorities authorized vaccines made by Pfizer and Moderna. Years of research, including a Nobel Prize-winning discovery that was the key to making the new technology work, have given so-called mRNA vaccines a head start. There is now also a more traditional vaccine made by Novavax, and some countries are trying additional options. . The WHO estimates more than 13 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines have been administered globally since 2021, although the rollout to poorer countries has been slow, but vaccines are not perfect. They are effective in preventing serious illness, hospitalization, and death, have few serious side effects, and have been proven to be very safe. However, protection against mild infections begins to wane after a few months. Like influenza vaccines, COVID-19 vaccinations must be updated regularly to keep pace with the ever-evolving virus, contributing to public dissatisfaction with the need for repeated vaccinations. It becomes. Efforts are underway to develop next-generation vaccines, including a nasal vaccine that researchers hope may be more effective at blocking infection. Which variants are currently dominant? Genetic changes called mutations occur when viruses make copies of themselves. And this virus is proving to be no different. Scientists named these subspecies alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and omicron, after the Greek letters. Deltavirus, which became mainstream in the United States in June 2021, caused a lot of concern because it was twice as likely to lead to hospitalization compared to the first version of the virus. Then, in late November 2021, a new variant, Omicron, emerged. “The infection spread very quickly and was widespread within a few weeks,” said Dr. Wesley Long, a pathologist at Houston Methodist University in Texas. “However, the WHO says that, on average, deltavirus does not cause more severe disease, and scientists believe that this may be due in part to immunity built up through vaccination or infection.” I think it's sexual,” he said. “Right now, everything seems to be anchored to this tree branch,” Long said. The micron relative currently predominant in the United States is called XEC, which is why. The CDC says existing COVID-19 treatments and the latest vaccine boosters should be effective against the new coronavirus, with 45% of the variants circulating nationwide in the two weeks ending Dec. 21. “This is really like a remix of the mutant strain,” he said. “What do we know about long-term COVID-19?” Thousands of people are in limbo and it may take weeks to get back on their feet.''Some people have recovered after the coronavirus outbreak, but some have developed more permanent problems. Symptoms, which last at least three months and possibly years, include fatigue, cognitive impairment known as “brain fog,” pain, and cardiovascular problems. Doctors don't know why only some people have long-lasting infections with the new coronavirus. It can occur at any age, even after mild cases, but the incidence is lower than earlier in the pandemic. Studies have shown that vaccination may lower the risk, but it is also unclear what causes the coronavirus to last longer, complicating the search for treatments. One key clue: Although it doesn't explain all cases, researchers have found that some patients may have remnants of the coronavirus in their bodies long after the initial infection. It is being discovered.
Five years ago, a cluster of people in Wuhan, China became infected with a virus the world had never seen before.
Bacteria had no names, and neither did the diseases they caused. It ultimately sparked a pandemic, exposing deep inequalities in the world's health systems and reshaping public opinion about how to control a deadly emerging virus.
Although humans have developed immunity through vaccination and infections, viruses still exist. It is less deadly than it was at the beginning of the pandemic and is no longer at the top of the list of leading causes of death. But the virus is evolving, so scientists need to track it closely.
Where did the SARS-CoV-2 virus come from?
I don't understand. Scientists believe the most likely scenario is that the infection spread in bats, as with many coronaviruses. They think it probably infected another species Raccoon dogcivet cats and bamboo rats are infected, which then infects humans who handle or slaughter these animals in Wuhan markets. Cases of human infection occurred in late November 2019.
This is a known route of transmission of the disease and likely caused the first outbreak of a similar virus known as SARS. However, this theory has not been proven for the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Wuhan is home to multiple laboratories involved in coronavirus collection and research, and there is growing debate that the virus may have leaked there.
This is a scientific puzzle that is difficult to solve under the best of circumstances. The effort has been made more difficult by political sniping over the origins of the virus and by efforts by China and international researchers to suppress potentially helpful evidence.
The true origins of the pandemic may not be known for years, if ever.
How many people have died from COVID-19?
Probably over 20 million. The World Health Organization said member countries have reported more than 7 million deaths from COVID-19, but the real death toll is estimated to be at least three times higher.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, an average of about 900 people have died each week from coronavirus in the United States over the past year.
The coronavirus continues to affect older people the most. Last winter, people 75 and older accounted for about half of the hospitalizations and in-hospital deaths due to COVID-19 in the United States, according to the CDC.
WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said: “We cannot talk about the past because the coronavirus is still here.”
What vaccines are now available?
Scientists and vaccine makers have broken records for the speed of developing a COVID-19 vaccine that has saved tens of millions of lives around the world, a key step toward returning life to normal.
Less than a year after China identified the virus, U.S. and British health authorities authorized vaccines made by Pfizer and Moderna. Years of early research — Including Nobel Prize-winning discoveries These are the keys to making the new technology work and have given so-called mRNA vaccines a head start.
There is also now a more traditional vaccine made by Novavax, and additional options are being trialled in some countries. Although the rollout to poorer countries has been slow, the WHO estimates that more than 13 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines have been administered globally since 2021.
Vaccines aren't perfect. They are effective in preventing serious illness, hospitalization, and death, have few serious side effects, and have been proven to be very safe. However, protection against mild infections begins to decline after a few months.
Like influenza vaccines, COVID-19 vaccinations must be updated regularly to keep up with the ever-evolving virus, and are part of the public frustration with the need for repeated vaccinations. This is the cause. Efforts are underway to develop next-generation vaccines, including nasal vaccines, which researchers hope may be more effective at stopping infection.
Which subspecies is currently dominant?
Genetic changes called mutations occur when viruses make copies of themselves. And this virus has proven to be no different.
Scientists named these subspecies alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and omicron, after the Greek letters. Delta Air Lines, which became mainstream in the US in June 2021, caused a lot of concern as it was twice as likely to lead to hospitalization compared to the first version of the virus.
Then, in late November 2021, a new variant, omicron, appeared.
Dr. Wesley Long, a pathologist at Houston Methodist University in Texas, said: “The infection spread very quickly and was widespread within a few weeks. “There has been a sharp increase in the number of cases,” he said.
But on average, it causes less severe illness than Delta, the WHO said. Scientists believe this may be due in part to immunity built up through vaccination or infection.
“Since then, we've somehow continued to see different submutants of Ormicron accumulating even more mutations,” Long said. “Now everything seems to be fixed on this micron branch of the tree.”
The Omicron relative currently predominant in the United States is called XEC, and it accounted for 45% of the variants circulating in the United States in the two weeks ending Dec. 21. CDC Said. Existing COVID-19 treatments and the latest vaccine boosters should be effective against COVID-19, Professor Long said. “It's really like a remix of a variant that's already out there.”
What do we know about long-term COVID-19 infections?
Millions of people remain at a loss, sometimes disrupted and sometimes invisible, by the long-lasting effects of the pandemic known as the novel coronavirus.
After contracting COVID-19, it may take several weeks to recover, but some people develop more permanent problems. Symptoms that last at least three months and possibly years include fatigue, cognitive impairment known as “brain fog,” pain, and cardiovascular problems.
Doctors don't know why only some people have long-lasting infections with the new coronavirus. It can occur at any age, even after mild cases, but the incidence is lower than it was earlier in the pandemic. Research shows that vaccination may lower the risk.
The cause of the prolonged spread of the new coronavirus is also unclear, complicating the search for a cure. One key clue: Although it doesn't explain all cases, researchers have found that some patients may have remnants of the coronavirus in their bodies long after the initial infection. It is being discovered.
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