Watching the volcano: Mauna Eki eruption 1919-1920 in Kilaui volcano

As many people have observed, the last global epidemic was raging for a hundred years. Kilauea was exploding 100 years ago, although it was not as important as an event on the world stage.

A century ago this eruption led to the production of the Mauna Iki (“Little Mountain”) lava shield in the southwestern rift in Kailua. It started in December 1919 and ended in early August 1920.

The eruption was monitored by a (2!) Geological crew at the 7-year-old Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. Their observations and detailed measurements allowed geologists of the modern era to group superficial and subsurface events into a coherent story.

This eruption in the Rift Zone coincided with the activity of the lava lake in Halimawau, and is generally similar to some of the dramatic events that occurred in Kiloyawah two years ago, although much less damaging.

In late November 1919, the long-lived “Hallemauma” lava lake stood on a high level, often overflowing on the floor of the main caldera. Suddenly, on November 28, it completely dried up without earthquakes, leaving an empty hole nearly 200 meters (660 feet) deep.

Over the next two weeks, the lava returned and Halima Huma nearly filled the edge again. On December 15, a eruption in the floor of the caldera southwest of Halimauma led to a small lava flow. More importantly, the surface cracks opened in a southwestern direction outside the caldera to a distance of 10 kilometers (6 miles) below the fault zone. Magma is observed not far below the surface in these cracks, so it was clear that the dam from molten rock was spreading in the rift zone.

This short summit revolution and bridging dam is the first stage of the Mauna Eki eruption, which lasted until December 23. Stage 2A started on December 24 and consisted of low pyroclastic fountains in what was to become the Mauna Eki vent. This activity produced a low series of pahoehoe shelly, a small lava shield, and a few other lava platforms, coinciding with a decrease in the level of Lake Halemauma. The combined burst volume was essentially equal to the missing volume from Halema’umaumau, indicating that the lava was negatively depleted by the dam to the site of the eruption.

Stage 2b started on December 30th and involved a massive lava penetration from the low hills, which resulted in a flow initially flowing nearly 6 kilometers per day (about 4 miles / day), but soon slowed down. His final length reached 11 kilometers (about 7 miles) by the time he stopped moving on January 17, 1920.

Stage 3 lasted from January 18 to April 16, during which time the main lava shield Mauna Iki was built by accumulating many pahoehoe flows from the small lava pond at the top of the shield. The shield also grew internally when the lava leaked out of the lava pool and made its way between layers beneath the surface, inflating the surface to the top, often exploding in the form of small flows.

The surface of the Halimaoma lava lake increased continuously during stage 3, which means that deep storage should supply Halimaumaau and Mauna Ekie. If you added Halema’uma’u filling rate and rush rate in Mauna Iki during stage 3, the amount was very similar to long-term supply rate to Kilauea during recent long-term eruptions (Mauna Ulu, Kupaianaha and pre-2018 Pu’u ‘O’o ).

Stage 4 started in mid-April when the lava tubes evolved, and the shield stopped growing. Instead, lava flowed into these tubes to feed the pahoehoe flow down descending, and in buried places, stage 2 flows with “a”.

At the beginning of this final stage, Lake Halema’uma’u’s activity shifted from filling to drying, and lava lost at a volumetric rate almost identical to the tube-fed pahoehoe flow rates, indicating a slight discharge from the top-to-bottom tank system to Mona Eki. The tube-fed pahoehoe advanced until August 3, when the rush ended.

Only due to detailed field notes and summit measurements by Thomas Gagar and Roy Finch of HVO, we can collect this timeline. They even devised a method for measuring the Earth’s inclination without the inclinometer by observing the systematic deviation of the seismic needles. It’s hard to imagine, but geologists after 100 years in the future will surely aim at the observations and data collected during the 2018 eruption, and they will be thankful to the contemporary geologists who have been put into such hours and long days during that historical event.

volcano
Activity updates

Kailua volcano does not explode. The USGS Volcano alert level remains at NORMAL (https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/about_alerts.html). Kilauea updates are released monthly.

The Kailua observation data for May show variable but typical rates of earthquakes and Earth deformation, low rates of sulfur dioxide emissions, and minor geological changes since the end of volcanic activity in September 2018. The water lake at the bottom of Halima ‘uma’u continues to expand and deepen slowly. For the latest information on the lake, see https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/Kilauea/summit_water_resources.html

Mauna Loa does not erupt and is still at the volcano alert level. This alert level does not mean that an imminent eruption or that progression to an eruption from the current level of disturbances is certain. Mauna Loa updates are released weekly.

Last week, about 65 minor earthquakes were recorded under the high altitude of Mona Loa. Most of these depths occurred at shallow depths of less than 8 kilometers (~ 5 miles). The largest earthquake was a 3.2 magnitude event below the southwestern volcano on June 2. GPS measurements show a long-term increase in peak enlargement slowly, consistent with providing magma with a shallow volcano storage system. Gas concentrations and fumarole temperatures at the summit and the sulfur cone in the Rift Southwest region remained stable. For more information about the current observation of Mauna Loa volcano, see: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mauna_loa/monitoring_summary.html.

There were 4 events with 3 or more physical reports in the Hawaiian Islands during the past week: 2.6-magnitude earthquake 15 km (9 mi) southeast of Furness at a depth of 7 km (4 mi) on May 31 at 5:13 pm. HST, a 3.6-magnitude earthquake 6 km (4 mi) northeast of Pahala at a depth of 33 km (21 mi) on May 30 at 7:34 pm HST, an earthquake of 1.9 km 17 km (11 mi) NNE from the width of the Hawaiian ocean At a depth of -1 km (-1 mi) on May 30 at 1:11 am HST, an earthquake measuring 3.5 km 6 km (4 mi) E from Pahala at a depth of 33 km (21 mi) on May 29 at 5:07 am HST.

HVO continues to closely monitor Kilauea and Mauna Loa for signs of increased activity.

Please visit HVO’s website for previous Volcano Watch articles, previous Volcano Watch articles, Kilauea and Mauna Loa updates, volcano images, maps, recent earthquake information, and more. Email questions to [email protected].

Volcano Watch is a weekly essay and activity update written by American Geologists and Hawaiian Volcano Observatory staff.

What Are The Main Benefits Of Comparing Car Insurance Quotes Online

LOS ANGELES, CA / ACCESSWIRE / June 24, 2020, / Compare-autoinsurance.Org has launched a new blog post that presents the main benefits of comparing multiple car insurance quotes. For more info and free online quotes, please visit https://compare-autoinsurance.Org/the-advantages-of-comparing-prices-with-car-insurance-quotes-online/ The modern society has numerous technological advantages. One important advantage is the speed at which information is sent and received. With the help of the internet, the shopping habits of many persons have drastically changed. The car insurance industry hasn't remained untouched by these changes. On the internet, drivers can compare insurance prices and find out which sellers have the best offers. View photos The advantages of comparing online car insurance quotes are the following: Online quotes can be obtained from anywhere and at any time. Unlike physical insurance agencies, websites don't have a specific schedule and they are available at any time. Drivers that have busy working schedules, can compare quotes from anywhere and at any time, even at midnight. Multiple choices. Almost all insurance providers, no matter if they are well-known brands or just local insurers, have an online presence. Online quotes will allow policyholders the chance to discover multiple insurance companies and check their prices. Drivers are no longer required to get quotes from just a few known insurance companies. Also, local and regional insurers can provide lower insurance rates for the same services. Accurate insurance estimates. Online quotes can only be accurate if the customers provide accurate and real info about their car models and driving history. Lying about past driving incidents can make the price estimates to be lower, but when dealing with an insurance company lying to them is useless. Usually, insurance companies will do research about a potential customer before granting him coverage. Online quotes can be sorted easily. Although drivers are recommended to not choose a policy just based on its price, drivers can easily sort quotes by insurance price. Using brokerage websites will allow drivers to get quotes from multiple insurers, thus making the comparison faster and easier. For additional info, money-saving tips, and free car insurance quotes, visit https://compare-autoinsurance.Org/ Compare-autoinsurance.Org is an online provider of life, home, health, and auto insurance quotes. This website is unique because it does not simply stick to one kind of insurance provider, but brings the clients the best deals from many different online insurance carriers. In this way, clients have access to offers from multiple carriers all in one place: this website. On this site, customers have access to quotes for insurance plans from various agencies, such as local or nationwide agencies, brand names insurance companies, etc. "Online quotes can easily help drivers obtain better car insurance deals. All they have to do is to complete an online form with accurate and real info, then compare prices", said Russell Rabichev, Marketing Director of Internet Marketing Company. CONTACT: Company Name: Internet Marketing CompanyPerson for contact Name: Gurgu CPhone Number: (818) 359-3898Email: [email protected]: https://compare-autoinsurance.Org/ SOURCE: Compare-autoinsurance.Org View source version on accesswire.Com:https://www.Accesswire.Com/595055/What-Are-The-Main-Benefits-Of-Comparing-Car-Insurance-Quotes-Online View photos