When it comes to the tsunami, it’s the length, not the force, that matters – Times-Standard

Feedback always appreciated last week I was lucky and have a question too. Question – What does vibration have to do with height? It is a good question both scientifically and in terms of preparedness.

The amount is often misunderstood or misused. The amount is an alternative to the amount of energy produced by the earthquake rupture. In my classes, I used a flashlight analogy: size, like the wattage itself, no matter how close you are to the source. Wattage won’t tell you how bright your area is – it will depend on how close you are to the bulb and other factors such as fog or smoke as you come across. The size alone will not tell you how strong the ground is shaking in your place.

There are only three factors that control size – error area, the amount of slip between the two sides, and the strength of the error. That’s it – nothing about how strong the vibration is or how much damage is done. Nothing about whether the vibration is sharp or rolling. Your experience of a particular earthquake will be very different depending on how close or far you are, what local geological conditions and the type of building you are in. However, the size is the same number everywhere (see note).

Almost all earthquakes involve rupture on a flat surface. The slip and error area is moving together. An earthquake of magnitude 5 may have a rupture along a few thousand feet with a slip or displacement less than a foot. A magnitude 9 earthquake will be hundreds of miles away and compensation 60 feet or more.

What does all this have to do with the length of vibration? Tearing error takes time. Unlike the fault patterns shown in textbooks, one side of the error does not move at the same time relative to the other side. The earthquake begins at one point at a certain depth below the surface. Most earthquakes in California emerge at depths between two and ten miles.

The primary point at which rupture begins is the focus or focus point. Then the rupture grows toward the surface and in one or two directions along the crack. In the earthquake of 1906, the rupture began about two miles off the coast of the San Francisco Sunset District, seven miles below the surface. The rupture grew to the north and south and at a speed of several miles per second, it reached the southernmost point of Santa Cruz in 18 seconds, and it reached Cape Mendocino in the north in just over two minutes a total rupture of 275 miles.

The entire time the rupture grows, it produces seismic waves, and it is these waves that encounter it like an earthquake. Seismic waves go a little faster than rupture. In 1906 San Francisco began to feel shaking almost immediately because they were very close to the initial starting point. They continued to feel shaking for about a minute as the estrangement spread to them to the north and south. As the rip reached Humboldt County, it was too far from San Francisco to be felt. In Santa Cruz, it took about 15 seconds after the rupture started for people to feel it, but once the seismic waves arrived, the vibration was almost as strong and lasted almost as long as it was in San Francisco.

The USGS animation from the 1906 rupture (https://earthquake.usgs.gov/education/shakingsimulations/1906/) gives a sense of time delay and duration of vibration in various parts of the San Francisco Bay Area. In very large earthquakes such as 1906, it is not how close you are to the epicenter of the earthquake, but how close you are to a rupture error. The entire 250-mile fault tear from Santa Cruz to Humboldt County was the source and it didn’t matter whether you were in San Francisco, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa or Shelter Cove – you were all very close to the mistake and all of you experienced a strong vibration that lasted for a long time.

I remembered last week the Cape Mendocino earthquake in 1992. The count was a duration of two things. First, it gave me something to focus on while shaking and helped calm me down. It also gave me a rough idea of ​​the size. The vibration that lasts for a few seconds is probably a power of 3 or 4. When I returned to 72 in 1992, I was quite sure that this earthquake was in the higher range 6 to 7.

Scale is the key to a tsunami threat. Most tsunamis are caused by large earthquakes under the sea floor. Slipping causes sea floor distortion, causing the area to drop or rise, causing the ocean water to suddenly displace over it. This swelling or depression spreads outward as a tsunami. The larger the size, the more deformed space and the larger the tsunami. Big size is not equal to strong vibrating feel. Some of the deadly earthquakes were caused by earthquakes that were not very strong. In October 2010, an earthquake occurred off the coast of Central Sumatra, Indonesia. His strength was 7.8, and survivors said he was not as strong as other earthquakes they had gone through. But they didn’t do that the weak vibration lasted for too long. It is an example of a “tsunami,” an earthquake that produces a tsunami that is much larger than expected. The long period is the important evidence that the rupture zone was large.

Vibration lasts for a few seconds, even if the vibrations are very sharp, meaning small size and no tsunami. Vibration that lasts for a very long time, even if weak, means a significant potential problem and time to head to high ground if you are on the coast or in a tsunami area. Not sure? We always say “When in doubt, dig it”, treat it as the real thing and practice your evacuation skills.

Note: While theoretically size is one number, in practice there can be small differences. There are different methods for calculating volume and seismic groups to reach different sets of tools often resulting in slightly different size numbers. It is not unusual for initial size estimates to change with several decimal marks and for further analysis to be completed.

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