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Malformations show incredible plasticity of the brain-ScienceDaily

One in 4,000 is born without the corpus callosum, a brain structure made up of nerve fibers used to transfer information from one hemisphere to another. A quarter of these individuals are asymptomatic, but the remaining individuals have low IQ or suffer from severe cognitive impairment.In a study published in a journal Cerebral cortexNeuroscientists at the University of Geneva (UNIGE) have discovered that the loss of nerve fibers that act as a bridge between hemispheres reorganizes the brain and creates an impressive number of connections within each hemisphere. did. These make connections within the hemisphere rather than the healthy brain, indicating that the mechanism of plasticity is involved. These mechanisms are thought to allow the brain to compensate for loss by recreating connections to other brain regions using alternative neural pathways.

The corpus callosum occurs in the uterus between the 10th and 20th weeks of gestation. Callosum defect is a congenital brain malformation in which this brain structure does not develop and one in 4,000 babies born without a corpus callosum is born. If it is missing, there is no substitute for this structure of about 10 cm, except for cerebrospinal fluid. This means that the information sent from one hemisphere to the other hemisphere can no longer be transmitted by the projection of neurons from the corpus callosum. “Their role in a healthy brain” begins with Vanessa Sifredi, a researcher at UNIGE School of Medicine. Surprisingly, 25% of people with this malformation have no visible signs. 50% have an average IQ and learning disabilities. The remaining 25% suffer from severe cognitive impairment.

Mysterious fiber

The scientific literature states that in the absence of the corpus callosum, certain fibers designed to act as bridges between hemispheres, known as probst bundles, bypass non-existent brain regions and curl inside each hemisphere. It shows that. “Backup zones vary from person to person, and we don’t understand their function,” explains neuroscientists. UNIGE scientists have worked with colleagues at the University of Melbourne to try to understand this variability and investigate the role of fibers. They used MRI brain imaging to study the anatomical and functional associations between different brain regions in about 20 Australian children aged 8 to 17 years who suffer from agenesis of the cortex.

Beneficial role

This approach first made it possible to observe the physical relationships between different regions of the brain, namely their structural links. Children with agenesis of the corpus callosum have a higher number of nerve fibers in each hemisphere and are of higher quality than a healthy brain. In addition, UNIGE scientists have succeeded in determining the correlation between activity in various brain regions and their functional links. “If the two regions are working together, that means they are communicating with each other,” explains Dr. Sifredi. The data show that the functional connectivity within and between the hemispheres of the corpus callosum-less brain is comparable to that of a healthy brain. “Surprisingly, communication between the two hemispheres is maintained. We believe that plasticity mechanisms, such as strengthening structural connections within each hemisphere, compensated for the lack of nerve fibers between the hemispheres. New connections It is created and the signal can be rerouted so that communication between the two hemispheres is maintained. “

Prediction of cognitive impairment

Neuroscientists in Geneva also observed a correlation between increased connections within the cerebral hemisphere and cognitive ability. This information is of great interest to clinical studies, as hypoplasia is currently detected by ultrasound during pregnancy and it is often suggested to end the pregnancy. “In the not too distant future, we can imagine using MRI imaging to predict whether ultrasound-observed malformations are at risk associated with cognitive impairment, which can provide better information to future parents.” Dr. Sifredi concludes.

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