Health
Researchers unveil new mechanisms of pain management
Japanese researchers have uncovered previously unknown mechanisms of pain management involving newly identified cell populations in the spinal cord, and have potential targets for enhancing the therapeutic effects of drugs on chronic pain. Offers.
Neurons may be the most well-known cells of the central nervous system, but the assortment of non-neuronal cells, first discovered in the mid-19th century, also plays a number of important roles.
Originally named after the Greek word for “glue,” these glial cells are now known to be more than glue, and in fact, of neurons in the central nervous system. It is an important factor in regulating development and function.
Of the different types of glial cells, astrocytes are the most abundant in the central nervous system, but unlike neurons in different brain regions, researchers still have detailed grouping of astrocytes with different properties. Not developing an understanding.
Currently, researchers led by Professor Makoto Tsuda of the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University have discovered a unique population of spinal astrocytes that are responsible for causing pain hypersensitivity.
The astrocytes found in the outer two layers of gray matter near the posterior spinal cord, called the superficial layer of the posterior horn of the spinal cord, are located in areas known to carry common sensory information such as pressure and pain. , And the heat from around the body to the brain.
Researchers use mice to stimulate noradrenalinergic (NAergic) neurons (called the use of noradrenaline as a neurotransmitter) that carry signals from the locus coeruleus (LC) in the brain to the posterior horn of the spinal cord. , Showed that astrocytes are activated. Activation of astrocytes causes pain hypersensitivity.
These observations overturn the general view that descending LC-NAergic neurons suppress pain transmission in the posterior horn of the spinal cord.
The discovery of this new population of astrocytes reveals a new role for descending LC-NAergic neurons in promoting spinal pain transmission. “
Makoto Tsuda, Professor, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
Given these findings, suppressing the signaling of these astrocytes by noradrenaline may enhance the drug’s effectiveness in chronic pain.
To test this first, researchers selectively inhibited the response of astrocytes to noradrenaline, increasing levels of noradrenaline in the spinal cord by preventing uptake by descending LC-NAergic neurons. Duloxetine, a probable analgesic, was genetically engineered in mice.
In fact, the modified mice show enhanced chronic pain relief with duloxetine, further supporting the role of astrocytes proposed by the researchers.
“While further research with a variety of drugs is needed, this astrocyte population appears to be a very promising target for increasing the therapeutic potential of drugs for chronic pain,” Tsuda said. Stated.
Source:
Journal reference:
Coro, Y. , et al. (2020) Spinal astrocytes of the superficial vertebral lamina brainstem that descend control of mechanical hypersensitivity. Nature Neuroscience. doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00713-4..
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