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Finding the ruins of the legendary “castle” of Hideyoshi, which was destroyed by the earthquake
Here, researchers discovered the stone foundations of a castle erected by warlord Toyotomi Hideyoshi in the 16th century, which earned the nickname “the legendary castle” because it was destroyed in an earthquake shortly after its completion.
Historical documents mentioning Shigetsu-Fushimi Castle (Shigetsu Castle), leveled by the Keicho Fushimi earthquake in 1596, give almost no idea of its location or structure.
Researchers at the Kyoto City Archaeological Research Institute unearthed an 18-meter pit, foundations for stone walls and other artifacts during excavations in front of JR Momoyama Station in Fushimi Ward, Kyoto.
Hideyoshi (1537-1598) began building Shigetsu Castle in 1592 as his retirement home after giving his fort and residence Jurakudai to his nephew Toyotomi Hidetsugu.
The structure was remodeled into a fortress with stone walls in 1594 and completed by 1596, only to be destroyed by an earthquake that year.
The castle was reconstructed near Mount Kohatayama (present-day Mount Momoyama). It is called Kohatayama-Fushimi Castle (Kohatayama Castle) to distinguish it from Shigetsu Castle.
After Hideyoshi’s death, Kohatayama Castle was destroyed in a fire during a siege that led to the Battle of Sekigahara, the decisive conflict heralded in the Tokugawa shogunate founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu.
Although the castle was rebuilt again by Ieyasu, it was dismantled in 1623 after a decree by the shogunate allowed only one castle in each province.
Kyoto City Archaeological Research Institute, along with other organizations, has been conducting excavations in the area since 1974.
In 2009, researchers discovered a stone wall believed to be part of Shigetsu Castle. Excavations in 2015 revealed a stone wall and gilded tiles, finally leading researchers to conclude that the castle had indeed been built.
The city-run institute began its last excavation, covering an area of 400 square meters, in August prior to development work to create an open space in front of Momoyama Station.
The trench, which extends 18 m from east to west, is 1.5 m wide and 0.7 m deep, is interrupted by the rubble of a stone wall extending to a greater depth than the trench from north to south.
Based on artifacts excavated at the site, it is believed that the remains of a stone wall stretching from north to south were part of the residence of a daimyo warlord when Kohatayama Castle stood.
For these reasons, the Institute concluded that the moat from east to west, as well as bedrock, stone arrangements, gilded tiles and other artifacts discovered during excavations, form part of the remains of the stone walls of Shigetsu Castle.
The site has since been backfilled.
“Generally speaking, stone walls are placed directly on the ground unless the ground is smooth,” said Takao Minami, head of the institute’s research department. “The stone walls of Shigetsu Castle were formed after excavating the ground, which indicates that they were carefully constructed.”
Minami noted that the letter Hideyoshi sent to his service at the time of the construction of Shigetsu Castle, in which he apparently warned of the dangers of “namazu” (catfish), indicates that the warlord was careful to ensure that the castle would be rock-resistant.
In Japanese mythology, the giant catfish that lives underground causes earthquakes.
The ruins of the stone walls of Shigetsu Castle lie to the north of the site where the city’s Cultural Property Protection Department assumed the castle to exist.
“It raised the possibility that Hideyoshi’s retirement residence and Shigetsu Castle were separated from each other,” said Hitoshi Nakai, an emeritus professor at Shiga Prefectural University who specializes in the history of Japanese castles. “It’s an important discovery that basically makes us review Shigetsu Castle.”
A replica of the main preserve of Fushimi Momoyama Castle forms part of a sports park at Fushimi Ward in Kyoto, about 400 meters northwest of the site where Kohatayama Castle is believed to have stood. (Asahi Shimbun file photo).
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