Earthquakes and Tsunamis: It’s the nearby Wairarapa fault

Technicians from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in the United States, Chris Armerding and Jake Perez, release scientific equipment from the Newa research vessel Tangaroa. Image / Introduction

Scientists have investigated one of the largest sources of earthquakes and tsunamis in New Zealand over the weekend, off the coast of Weirarapa. GRACE PRIOR Reports.

The Hikurangi subduction zone, located off the east coast of New Zealand near Wairaraba, is thought to be able to generate magnitude-8 earthquakes and tsunamis.

At the weekend, scientists from Japan and the United States joined Kiwi researchers from GNS Science and the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research to investigate.

Their second voyage was to the subduction zone, where the Pacific Plate “descends, or” descends, “below the eastern coast of the North Island.

It is New Zealand’s biggest mistake.

Two trips site. Image / Introduction

On their first voyage, which was recently completed, “researchers have deployed specialized equipment from the United States to the sea floor to visualize the subsurface structure and investigate how fluids are distributed within seafloor sediments.”

This enabled scientists to “better understand how fluid movement is related to activity on our biggest marine faults and undersea gas occurrence,” said program chair Dr. Jess Hillman of GNS Science.

Earthquakes, the stabilization of sea floor slopes and the emission of gas to the sea floor are all partly subject to the presence of fluids, said Dr. Peter Kanberg, a Voyage specialist from the Scripps Institute of Oceanography in the US.

“Our devices can detect where these fluids are in the ground, allowing us to better understand the role of fluids in modifying these natural hazards.”

On the second voyage, which took off from Wellington over the weekend, scientists deployed seabed seismometers and sensitive sea floor pressure sensors off the coast of Wairaraba and south of Hawk Bay.

“The devices will record earthquakes and small sea floor movements over parts of the Hikurangi subduction zone that cannot be observed from the ground,” GNS Science said.

The data collected on the second flight will provide information to help investigate the physical conditions within the Hikurangi subduction zone and learn the causes of frequent and slow-moving earthquakes. [lasting weeks] Spoke there.

Dr Laura Wallace, head of the Voyage program, from GNS Science, said the sea floor pressure sensors have recorded the upward or downward movement of the sea floor.

Wallace said that they can detect slow-moving earthquakes outside and may also provide clues about how the region will behave in future large earthquakes.

Hillman said working with international research partners has been very beneficial because they bring technologies that are not available in New Zealand.

The two trips represented more than $ 4 million in co-financing from international partners.

The trips were supported by funding from the Endeavor Fund of the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment and the Marsden Fund administered by the Royal Society.

Time on the Newa Tangaroa research vessel was supported by MBIE through the Strategic Science Investment Fund.

The science behind smoothies

What are plate tectonics and where are they?

Earth’s outer crust consists of the crust and upper mantle and is divided into a mixture of large tectonic plates that move relatively slowly with one another.

There are seven and eight mainboards and many smaller ones.

The paintings New Zealand borders on are Indo-Australian painting [also referred to by GNS Science as the Australian plate] From the west and the Pacific plate from the east.

These panels move all the time, anywhere from 0 to 100 mm per year.

The movement of the plates can cause earthquakes and tsunamis when they are sudden.

There are three main types of tectonic plate boundaries, and the Hikurangi subduction zone is convergent boundaries.

This means that the two plates are hitting each other, and one of them is sinking down.

In this case, the Pacific plate sinks below the Indo-Australian plate and pushes the land on which New Zealand lies.

Over millions of years, this has caused mountain ranges to appear in our country – especially in the Wairarapa, and Tararuas.

What is the subduction zone?

The subduction zone is where one tectonic plate slides under the other.

“Subduction zones are kind of a bug and are responsible for the biggest and strongest earthquakes and tsunamis in the world, such as Sumatra 2004, Chile 2010, and Japan 2011,” according to GNS Science.

Often the subduction zone forms in two states, the first when the peripheral crust [which is significantly thinner than continental crust] It collides with more oceanic crust.

Island arcs and oceanic trenches occur when both plates form from the oceanic crust.

The second way in which the subduction zone can form is when oceanic crust collides with continental crust.

The denser oceanic crust descends under the lighter continental crust.

How does this cause earthquakes?

The Hikurangi subduction zone is known to be a slow-sliding subduction zone.

This means that tectonic plates are constantly moving against each other, not all at once.

In the deepest parts of the subduction zone, the plates can move across one another with ease, according to GNS Science.

At shallow depths, the plates are more prominent, and “the friction between them temporarily fixes them in place with one another,” according to GNS Science.

“Over time, the pressure increases on the enclosed area. Every few years, the panels temporarily separate, and a slow slip event occurs. This releases the accumulated stress and the bounce of the earth’s crust,” said GNSScience.

Typically, energy is released in a slow slip event over weeks and months rather than seconds like earthquakes we’re used to.

However, sometimes the movement between the plates is not slow, but instead the energy is released suddenly, “causing powerful and destructive earthquakes,” according to GNS Science.

This is usually the case when the two plates are locked together for long periods of time, creating large amounts of energy.

GNS Science said this could be over “hundreds or even thousands of years”.

The movement of tectonic plates shapes our continents, which change slowly over the life of the Earth.

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