Health
Study reveals air pollution causes lung cancer in nonsmokers
Air pollution is associated with various health problems such as asthma, heart disease, dementia and cancer. However, how people who have never smoked develop cancer remains a mystery.
Most pathogens, such as UV rays and cigarette smoke, damage the structure of DNA and cause cancer-causing mutations, but scientists have found evidence that air pollution directly mutates DNA. there is no. So how does air pollution kill 300,000 non-smokers worldwide each year?
Researchers from the Francis Crick Institute and University College London have finally answered that question. Scientists presented their findings at the European Society for Medical Oncology conference, showing that exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5) awakens normally dormant cells with cancer-causing mutations. , has been shown to promote tumor growth and formation.
“Cells with cancer-causing mutations naturally accumulate with age, but are usually inactive. We demonstrate that air pollution activates these cells in the lungs. “Our study has fundamentally changed the way people who have never smoked view lung cancer.” .”
In this study, the research team focused on the EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) gene. Mutations in this gene have been repeatedly found in non-smokers with non-small cell lung cancer (NSLC). Scientists looked at data from her more than 400,000 people in the United Kingdom, South Korea and Taiwan and compared her incidence of EGFR-mutant lung cancer in areas with different levels of PM2.5 pollution.
They found that people living in areas with high levels of PM2.5 pollution had higher rates of EGFR-mutant lung cancer, as well as higher rates of other types of cancer. Studies show that PM2.5 promotes rapid changes in airway cells with mutations in EGFR and KRAS (a second gene commonly associated with lung cancer), pushing them towards a cancer stem cell-like state. increase.
“Mutations in the EGFR and KRAS genes are present in normal lung tissue and may be a consequence of aging. Our study suggests that these mutations alone only weakly enhance cancer in models. I did,” Swanton explained. “But when lung cells with these mutations were exposed to air pollutants, we saw more cancers than when lung cells with these mutations were not exposed to pollutants, and these It happened quickly.”
The researchers also found that air pollution drives the inflammatory mediator interleukin-1β, further promoting wakefulness in cells with EGFR mutations. Then, the development of lung cancer was suppressed.
EGFR mutations are rare, affecting approximately 1 in 600,000 cells in the lung. However, they are a critical step in the way cells become cancerous in the human body.
“The mechanisms we identified may ultimately help us find better ways to prevent and treat lung cancer in nonsmokers.” If we can stop it, we can reduce the risk of lung cancer.”
The next research step is to discover why some lung cells with mutations become cancerous when exposed to pollutants, while others do not. Additionally, the research team says the models presented in their study may be involved in the early stages of various types of cancer.
“Our analysis shows that increased air pollution levels increase the risk of lung cancer, mesothelioma, and mouth and throat cancer. It suggests a broader role for cancer in causing it,” said co-first author Emilia Lim, postdoctoral fellow at the Francis Crick Institute and UCL. “Even small changes in air pollution levels can affect human health. About 99% of the world’s population lives in areas that exceed the WHO’s annual limit for PM2.5, and worldwide It highlights the public health challenges posed by air pollution.”
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