The Nature article proposes a new way to identify faults that may pose an earthquake hazard

Daniel Trugman, an assistant professor at the Nevada Seismological Laboratory (NSL), and Avigyan Chatterjee, a doctoral student at the Nevada Seismological Laboratory, published a research article in Nature on how earthquake fault geometry can play a role in the risk of generating earthquakes. .

Tectonic plates, which make up the Earth's crust, have moved slowly over millions of years and continue to move. The movement of these massive structures can cause earthquakes along cracks in the Earth's crust known as faults. Not all errors are alike in how they perceive movement.

The researchers, in collaboration with co-authors at Brown University, studied movement along faults and found that the geometry of the fault network plays a role in how faults accommodate movement, which happens in two ways.

As tectonic plates move, two sides of a fault may stick together. Eventually, the pressure on the crustal rocks will become so intense, causing the two sides of the fault to move past each other very quickly. This event results in the sudden jump in motion that we know as an earthquake.

The second way bugs adapt to movement is known as creep. Creep is when the two sides of a fault move past each other very slowly. The plates may move 30 millimeters per year, but they don't stick together and then jump past each other. Rather, they rub against each other, moving slowly and steadily past each other.

Fault network complexity is a measure of how faults in a given region vary based on their direction. For example, if a group of faults at a particular location intersect at high angles to each other, it would be more complex to fault than a group of faults that were roughly parallel to each other. Researchers believe that increasing the complexity of the fault is what causes tectonic plates to stick together, eventually leading to an earthquake.

“It's a very strong connection and helps complete and expand our understanding of why some faults creep, some faults trap, and cause large earthquakes,” Trugman said.

Most of the observations were in California, but the researchers also examined fault networks with relatively high-quality data, including the North Anatolia Fault in Turkey and the Chaman Fault in Afghanistan, to ensure that the pattern they were identifying was not limited to California's unique geology. Their findings hold true for other faults, providing strong evidence that simpler faults accommodate plate movement with creep.

The Nature paper is the result of a National Science Foundation-funded project that explores the role of fault complexity in earthquake-related processes. For a long time, researchers modeling earthquakes have used simple models of faults, but these models may have missed important processes that were not taken into account, such as the complexity of faults. In related work, Trugman and Chatterjee showed that the complexity of a fault network can affect other important properties of earthquakes, such as the number of aftershocks or the intensity of ground shaking. This paper makes a strong case for developing new approaches to incorporating fault complexity into system-level earthquake models.

The data used in the analyzes were largely collected by scientists from the USGS using satellite data, creep meters (which work similarly to seismometers but are intended to measure slow movement on nearby faults) and displacement markers such as fences or roads. Trugman acknowledged how important it is to have access to reliable public data about bugs and crawls.

“If we had had to go out and make the measurements ourselves, I would never have written this paper,” Trugman said. “This is at least a five-year project in itself, and we will certainly not be able to do it as well as experts in these fields. I imagine that the authors of both datasets will be happy to see that the work they have done will open up new scientific directions.”

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