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Chimpanzees communicate similarly to humans, study finds | Science
Humans may be masters of rapid-fire chatter, but it appears that chimpanzees also have their own ability to exchange information quickly, albeit in the form of hand signals.
Researchers analyzed thousands of gestures made by wild chimpanzees in East Africa and found striking similarities to the turn-taking observed in human conversations, particularly the speed with which the apes respond to each other.
This work suggests that humans and apes share fundamental communication characteristics that date back to their distant ancestors or that developed within the species in parallel because of the advantages that this behavior brought.
Human conversation has very strict rules for speech that are consistent across cultures and languages, said Dr Gal Badihi, an animal behaviourist at the University of St Andrews. We began to wonder whether chimpanzee communication had its own rules, or whether those rules were similar to those of human conversation.
Chimpanzees have a rich repertoire hand gestures, many of which amount to simple requests such as “stop,” “follow me,” or “groom me.” To learn more about the rules surrounding their use, the researchers studied more than 8,500 gestures recorded from 252 wild chimpanzees in five wild communities in East Africa.
Most of the interactions were brief. In one, recorded at Budongo Conservation Station in Uganda, a chimpanzee named Monica reached out to another chimpanzee, named Ursus, after a physical altercation, prompting Ursus to respond with a reassuring pat.
But in other cases, the chimps exchanged up to seven gestures in a row. In these exchanges, the monkeys took an average of 120 milliseconds to respond to each other, a response time similar to that of an average human conversation of 200 milliseconds.
Chimpanzees use gestures in almost every aspect of their lives, Badihi said. In addition to making up after a fight, she observed that chimpanzees used gestures to avoid confrontation, to greet each other with a hug or kiss, to ask to share food, and to indicate that they wanted to travel together or separate. Grooming sessions were when most of the gestures took place.
Some groups use a loud, scratching gesture before they begin grooming together. In the middle of grooming interactions, they may gesture to each other to change positions or to begin grooming in a new location, she explained.
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Write in Current BiologyThe researchers describe how the time between exchanges varied little between chimpanzees of different ages, but there were variations between different communities, similar to the subtle cultural differences seen in humans. For example, gestures were exchanged more slowly in the Sonso chimpanzee community in Uganda. Among humans, the Danes responded the slowest, said Dr. Catherine Hobaiter, lead author of the study.
Since both humans and chimpanzees are great apes, rapid communication may be a product of our shared evolutionary heritage. Alternatively, the ability to speak rapidly may be a broader feature of social communication and may exist in other species such as whales, dolphins, bats and hyenas, the researchers add.
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