Health

Know the symptoms of multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is a disease that affects the central nervous system, spinal cord, and optic nerve.

Multiple Sclerosis in the World 2021: Knowing the Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is a long-term illness that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve.

In medical terms, multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. Nerve cells or neurons are made up of myelin, the protective sheath that surrounds the axons of neurons. These allow them to send electrical impulses quickly. This myelin is produced by oligodendrocytes, a group of cells that support neurons. In multiple sclerosis, demyelination occurs when the immune system improperly attacks and destroys myelin. It interferes with communication between neurons and ultimately causes all sorts of sensory, motor, and cognitive problems.

Multiple sclerosis is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction or cell-induced hypersensitivity. This means that myelin-specific T cells such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and interferon-γ work together to dilate blood vessels. Not only does it allow more immune cells to invade, but it also causes direct damage to oligodendrocytes.

Symptoms of MS

Studies in this area have not yet found the true cause of multiple sclerosis, but some symptoms are associated with it. They include:

Muscle weakness

Lhermitte’s sign: A shock-like sensation when a person moves his or her neck

Sight problems

Malaise

Bladder problems

imbalance

Vertigo and dizziness

Sexual dysfunction

In multiple sclerosis, these immune attacks usually occur in seizures. An autoimmune attack on oligodendrocytes can occur, after which regulatory T cells enter the inhibitor and reduce inflammation. Over time, oligodendrocytes die and remyelination ceases. Damage is also irreversible due to loss of axons.

The exact cause of multiple sclerosis is unknown, but it is associated with both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic risk factors include a gene that encodes a specific type of immune molecule called HLA-DR2. It is used to identify and bind foreign molecules. In most studies, women are slightly predominant.

Environmental risk factors may include infections and vitamin D deficiency. It may explain why the incidence of multiple sclerosis is high in the Arctic and Antarctica. Due to genetic and environmental effects, the body may not kill immune cells that target myelin.

(Dr. Nithin Kumar N, Consultant-Neurology, Fortis Hospitals, Cunningham Road, Bangalore)

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