Inflammation and the role of cytokines

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• The exact mechanism involved in the development of type 1 diabetes is still a bit of a mystery.
• Some scientists have focused on the role of an inflammatory cytokine called chemokine ligand 2 (CCL-2).
• However, the exact nature of the relationship between CCL-2 and type 1 diabetes is not clear.
• Recent studies may add fresh details and provide new ways to treat or delay the onset of type 1 diabetes.

according to American Diabetes Association, About 1.6 million people in the United States have type 1 diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. It occurs when the immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells of the pancreas. Beta cells that produce insulin are located in clusters called islets.

Scientists have long understood the nature of type 1 diabetes’s autoimmunity, but it remains unclear why the immune system turns on the pancreas.

As research progresses, some researchers are looking for clues about the relationship between genes and the immune system.

New research appearing in Translational Autoimmunity JournalInvestigate the role of specific genes in the risk of developing type 1 diabetes.

Scientists have already involved certain parts of the chromosome in type 1 diabetes. However, they did not understand exactly why this region (known as locus 3p21.31) affects risk. Current research will add more details.

This region of the genome encodes a variety of proteins. Among them is a receptor called CCR2. When CCR2 binds to the cytokine CCL-2, activation It mobilizes T cells and macrophages, thereby causing inflammation.

Scientists have previously studied the relationship between CCL-2 and type 1 diabetes, but the results were difficult to interpret.

Researchers agree that levels of CCL-2 differ between people with type 1 diabetes and those who do not.But some studies have found gain Levels, while others have shown Decrease level.

To investigate this misleading relationship, researchers took data from Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in Youth (DAISY).. DAISY was launched in 1993 and has followed 310 infants at high risk of developing type 1 diabetes from birth.

Of these, 42 developed autoantibodies to the islets but did not develop type 1 diabetes. In other words, their immune system produced a response to insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, but had not yet developed type 1 diabetes. The author calls this group non-progressive.

Forty-eight participants developed type 1 diabetes — the author calls this group a progression. The researchers compared these participants to 220 controls without islet antibody or type 1 diabetes.

They found that blood levels of the cytokine CCL-2 were significantly lower in both advanced and non-progressive individuals compared to controls. Scientists have noticed a steady decline in CCL-2 levels as autoantibody-positive individuals progress to develop type 1 diabetes.

They also showed that these two groups had an increased number of receptors CCR2 that bind to CCL-2 on immune cells.

The authors theorize that as more receptors become available, more CCL-2 will bind to these receptors. When it binds, it causes inflammation and damages the pancreas. Also, because CCL-2 is bound to the receptor, the level of floating CCL-2 in the blood is reduced.

The authors conclude that inhibition of CCR2 may delay the onset of type 1 diabetes in individuals with islet autoantibodies. They write:

“CCR2 inhibition can impair the recruitment of immune cells, including T cells and monocytes, to islets and therefore can slow the progression of islets to autoimmunity.”

Dr. Fairy Lee, Senior Research and Communication Officer, UK Diabetes Society MNT About the importance of understanding the role of genes in type 1 diabetes. She said:

“Scientists are using information from genes to develop a type 1 diabetes risk calculator that identifies children who are more likely to develop the condition at some point in their lives.”

“Currently, risk scores are used to find people who can benefit from participating in immunotherapy clinical trials to delay or prevent type 1 diabetes. [the] In the future — when immunotherapy is approved for use outside the research environment — genetic risk calculators may be used […] As a screening tool to identify children who will benefit from treatment. “

“By identifying which genes are associated with type 1 diabetes, we have a way to find genes that are at high risk of developing this condition,” Dr. Riley said. MNT..

“A better understanding of the genetics behind type 1 diabetes can help us better understand what causes the condition and open the door to new preventive strategies and treatments,” Dr. Riley said. Said.

Researchers conducted this study with a small number of people, but the data show that inhibition of CCL-2 may reduce the likelihood that someone will develop type 1 diabetes. It seems. Of course, more research is needed before this approach reaches the clinic.

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